Judicial Activism Free Essay Example, 750 words

Judicial Activism Judicial Activism The ideas presented by both legal luminaries Attorney General Edwin Meese and Justice WilliamJ. Brennan were insightful and provided me with a greater understanding of the various ways on how to interpret the Constitution as well on how to determine its purpose and intent. After reading and pondering on the arguments of both sides, I am more inclined to side with judicial activism as argued by Brennan that the Constitution must be viewed as living and evolving and as law that is responsive to the realities of the time, rather than Meese’s argument of judicial restraint of interpreting the Constitution according to the original intent of the its Framers. The reason why I came down on Brennan’s side is that I find his point of view more realistic and progressive compared to Meese’s conservatism of sticking to the interpretation by the Framers of the Constitution, which is difficult, if not impossible, to determine. Borrowing from his words, I just find it unsettling that the â€Å"Constitution was meant to be interpreted only as the founding fathers intended† (Perry, 2004 pg. We will write a custom essay sample on Judicial Activism or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now 5) because it would be impossible to determine what their exact thoughts were given the time lapsed after the Constitution was framed. There may be notes and documents made during the debate in Philadelphia when the drafting of the Constitution was still in process but they will always be incomplete and can only give hint of the intent of the Framers and cannot provide the total idea of the Framers when the Constitution was drafted. Assuming for the sake of argument that we should base our interpretations on the original intent of the Framers of the Constitution, the best record available during the drafting process of the Constitution that represents the thought of the Framers only represents about 7 percent of the Philadelphia debates. Gleaning from this figure, it is likely that succeeding interpretation would be to interpret it in the manner of judicial activism for utter lack of documents to base the decision. There is also a flaw in this line of argument. I may wholeheartedly agree that the Framers of the Constitution had the noblest intention when they drafted the Constitution but they could not possibly anticipate nor box the realities of future according to the wisdom of their time. Everybody knows that time changes and succeeding generation learn from experience that it will no longer be practical or feasible to go back to the wisdom that did not even have a glimpse of their experience. This is the very reason why portions of the Constitution are articulated in generalities – to let future generation to interpret according to the realities of their time. Even Meese agreed that there are portions in the Constitution that were framed in generalities for it to express general principles that will enable people to interpret according to the realities of our times. This is necessary as Justice Brennan would argue that â€Å"It is arrogant to pretend that from our vantage we can gauge accurately the intent of the framers on application of principle to specific, contemporary questions† (Perry, 2004 pg 5) and thus calls for judicial activism not only for necessity but also as a better alternative. I also find the argument of Meese too simplified when he interpreted that judicial activism is â€Å"too many of the court’s opinions are, on the whole, more policy choices than articulations of constitutional principle† because this meant that interpretations outside of his own are arbitrary and ignorant for it was merely based on opinion and prevailing interest and not on the basis of law. Judicial activism is not a policy choice but rather an adequate response of the law to the realities of the time. We evolve and learn along the way and correspondingly, the Constitution must also adapt. Chief Justice Earl Warren explained in 1954 â€Å"the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society† (Perry, 2004 pg. 6) and correspondingly, this reality should compel us to interpret the law in a more appropriate way that responds to the standards of decency of the time. The law must not drag us back into the Middle Age. It should instead serve as a beacon that would usher us towards a just, humane and progressive society in the future that is why I am inclined towards judicial activism in interpreting the Constitution. Borrowing the words of Brennan, we should always ask â€Å"What do the words of the text mean in our time? † (Perry, 2004 pg. 5) instead of literally interpreting the Constitution under the outdated lens of judicial restraint. Reference Perry Barbara (2004). Original Intent or Evolving Constitution? Two Competing Views on Interpretation. American Bar Association. Insights on Law & Society 5.1

Fences Research - 1694 Words

The Impact of Physical and Psychological Boundaries in August Wilson’s Fences The early 1950’s was a time of enormous importance because of the Civil Rights Movement which emphasized equal rights for blacks and whites. According to the book Approaching Literature, this time period became very familiar to August Wilson, the author of the play Fences. Wilson, an African American man, was raised by his mother and his ex-convict father. For a short period of time, before moving back to his old neighborhood, Wilson lived in a primarily white neighborhood where he experienced the feeling of being on the â€Å"outside.† When he was in the ninth grade he had a teacher that believed there was no way he could have written an intelligent,†¦show more content†¦Yet, when Cory returns, we find that in his attempt to free himself he has become bound within the confines of a far more strict institution; the Marine Corps. Metzger argues that â€Å"Cory finally escaped his father’s authority, just to be placed under the authority of peo ple far more strict and controlling.† (3) Another physical boundary exists between husband and wife, Troy and Rose. At the beginning of the play, Troy is building a fence for Rose although he sees absolutely no use for it. Because she’s so focused on keeping all the people she loves safe and inside its walls, Rose is completely unaware that the fence is actually pushing her loved ones away. Since spending time in prison, Troy views fences as restrictions or limitations, so he is in no hurry to build Rose’s fence. But as the play goes on we see that after eighteen years of marriage, Troy feels confined by the responsibility and loyalty that come with it and needs to break out of those constraints. He wants so badly to be free from the ties of marriage that he has an affair with another woman, Alberta. Although, in his mind he broke free of those marital boundaries, realistically, he just put up yet another fence. Rose later finds out about this affair and t henShow MoreRelatedFences Research Paper1912 Words   |  8 PagesFences Lives are lead with anxiety over certain issues and with apprehension towards certain events. This play, Fences written by the playwright August Wilson deals with the progression of a family through the struggles of oppression and the inability to obtain the American Dream. The characters in the play develop throughout the story and can be viewed or interpreted in many different ways, but one man remains constant during the play and that is Troy. Due to certain eventsRead MoreMy Book Hunting Experience On The Internet860 Words   |  4 Pagesreal life, families come in all sorts of shapes and sizes.† (p. 6). The illustration depicted your typical heteronormative, Caucasian nucleus, containing a dad, mom, brother, sister, dog and cat. 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State legislation put in place can be an indicator of the severity of the situation, as well as how much support such legislation like Bill 1070 and the Border Fence Act garners amongst the public. Although indicators of positive change show increased awareness from participation in the march, racism and support of repression is not only remaining but arguably growing among certain parts of the public. No recentRead MoreLead User Research for Breakthrough Innovation6710 Words   |  27 PagesLEAD-USER RESEARCH FOR BREAKTHROUGH INNOVATION Lead-user research can help companies uncover both unmet customer needs and the innovative solutions that leading-edge users are developing to meet those needs. Ivy Eisenberg OVERVIEW: The best companies often work closely with their customers to uncover needs and wants that can be translated into new or improved product or service offerings. 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The first concerns the researcher’s views of the nature of the research: Is the inquiry technicalRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Essay Is To Discuss The Use Of Violence1899 Words   |  8 Pagestechnology news article a study done in Singapore of more than three thousand kids found that nearly one in ten where video game addicts and were stuck with the problem, although this does not state the sex of the children, D A Gentile head of the media research lab at the Iowa state university said that â€Å"when children become addicted their depression, anxiety and social phobias got worse, and when they stopped being addicted their depression, anxiety and social phobias got better. Christopher J. Ferguson

Costco Case Study Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Describe Costco’s concern theoretical account: harmonizing to the instance. â€Å"Costco’s mission in the member warehouse concern read: â€Å"to continually supply our members with choice goods and service at the lowest possible monetary values. † The company’s concern theoretical account was to bring forth high gross revenues volumes and rapid stock list turnover by offering members low monetary values on a limited choice of nationally branded and selected private-label merchandises in a broad scope of ware classs. ( CMU. 390 ) † . The overall Costco theoretical account is set up to map productively at significantly lower gross borders ( compared to traditional jobbers. mass merchants. supermarkets A ; supercenters ) through agencies of operating efficiencies achieved by volume buying. efficient distribution and decreased handling. every bit good as rapid stock list turnover. a. Include treatment of how each constituent impacts net income coevals. I. Volume buying: cuts buying costs from makers. leting Costco to go through nest eggs to members through deal pricing ; this constituent feeds straight into efficient distribution and decreased handling scheme. two. Efficient distribution: beltway traditional distribution channels. buying straight from makers and routing merchandises either straight to the shop or to one of the 9 cross-docking Stationss. Once merchandises arrive at a docking station. they are placed in a combined cargo ; hence maximising cargo volume and managing efficiencies. three. Reduced handling: upon bringing. the bulk of cargos are placed straight on the gross revenues floor stacked on palettes. This reduces the demand for off-floor storage every bit good as postponing adjustment and handling. Limited choices of merely high-volume gross revenues points ( in respect to size. colour and theoretical account ) further cut down managing and increase efficiency. four. Rapid stock list turnover: high gross revenues volume is generated through deal pricing method ; consequently. bring forthing net incomes before seller measures are due. leting Costco to take advantage of early-pay price reductions. Therefore. a big per centum of Costco’s ware stock list is able to be financed through payment footings defined by sellers ( instead than a ample on the job capital ) . 2. Describe Costco’s scheme: â€Å"The basiss of Costco’s scheme were low monetary values. limited choice. and a treasure-hunt shopping environment ( CMU. 390 ) † . a. Identify scheme elements ; include particulars that communicate how Costco employs each component A ; what each is designed to carry through. I. Pricing: points at Costco are ever priced at deal degrees. supplying a important nest eggs for members. Costco has a policy to crest trade name name mark-ups at 14 % and private label merchandises at 15 % . By keeping a low-price scheme. and continually cutting costs for members whenever possible. Costco has developed a sustainable pricing scheme based on their committedness non to be undersold. two. Product choice: each shop stocks about 4. 000 points. about 3. 000 on a regular basis available merchandises and the staying 1. 000 is considered â€Å"treasure-hunting merchandise† . The choice of on a regular basis available points is limited to fast-selling theoretical accounts. sizes and colourss. My keeping a smaller stock of choice points. Costco efficaciously simplifies stock list procedures thereby increasing efficiency. three. Treasure-hunting selling: The ? of the merchandise stock list which invariably changes is made up of particular buy â€Å"one-time purchase† points. These are normally high-end trade name name points with larger monetary value tickets ( $ 2. 000-3. 000 ) . The limited supply of treasure-hunting ware is intended to transfuse a sense of urgency in the clients. cognizing it likely won’t be at that place on the following visit. four. Marketing/advertising: due to the nature of Costco’s concern theoretical account. large-scale advertisement and gross revenues runs are unneeded ; conversely. most of the advertisement is achieved through word-of-mouth from bing members. Selling and publicities are by and large limited to direct mail plans targeted at really specific demographics. The low cost of Costco’s selling and advertisement scheme contributes to their overall minimalistic attack ( i. e. simple warehouse. palette carrying. off-prime existent estate. etc. ) . v. Growth scheme: on norm. Costco opens 20-25 new locations yearly. Of these new Costco shops. a bulk are opened in the United States. though they are undergoing international enlargement as good. A test-run was done with two Costco Home shops. free-standing furniture locations. which were really successful. However. instead than go oning this tendency. Costco opted to add about 45. 000 sq. ft. to the size of selected new shops and use the excess infinite to stock a much larger furniture choice. Kirkland Signature ( Costco’s company trade name ) was besides targeted by direction as an country for growing potency. Consequently. the line is undergoing an enlargement of its ain. increasing from approximately 400 to every bit many as 600 points over a 5-year period. Website gross revenues besides contribute to Costco’s overall growing scheme. six. Website gross revenues: two web sites www. costco. com ( US ) and www. costco. ca ( Canada ) are available as shopping options for members. These sites provide members with a manner to buy merchandises and services that may non be available at their local warehouse. Additionally. the web sites offer exposure lab options. a service which really increased by 10 % in 2005 when the industry as a whole experient negative gross revenues growing. By offering a digital option to their warehouse shopping experience. Costco increases their overall trade name presence while supplying members with yet another service benefit. B. Identify and describe ( defend choice ) Costco’s two primary internal nucleus concern rules. I. Member satisfaction as a consequence of pricing and service is Costco’s figure one primary internal nucleus concern rule. Consequently. pricing and service are the primary elements of Costco’s nucleus competence which yield the organization’s competitory advantage. The important nest eggs experienced by Costco members is what drives their high volume gross revenues. viva-voce advertisement and growing potency. By maximising on their ability to supply low monetary values for their clients as ( opposed to concentrating on how the company can do an excess dollar here or at that place ) . Costco is positioned as an industry leader in deal pricing. By keeping this place. they are prolonging their concern theoretical account and puting the model for old ages of continued success. two. Employee compensation and work force patterns make up the 2nd most of import internal nucleus concern rule for Costco. Based on industry competition. Costco offers more attractive wage paired with a full-spectrum of benefits for their employees. â€Å"Although acknowledging that paying good rewards and good benefits was contrary to conventional wisdom in price reduction retailing. Jim Sinegal ( laminitis of Costco ) was convinced that holding a well-compensated work force was really of import to put to deathing Costco’s scheme successfully. He said. â€Å"Imagine that you have 120. 000 loyal embassadors out there who are invariably stating good things about Costco. It has to be a important advantage for you†¦ . Paying good rewards and maintaining your people working with you is really good business† . adding that â€Å"you acquire what you pay for† and the higher rewards were deserving the increased productiveness ( CMU. 398 ) . In add-on. Costco has a company policy that 86 % of higher-level gaps are to be filled through internal publicity. though the existent figure is closer to 98 % . By taking attention of their employees and furthering a civilization of inclusion and chance. Costco has a important industry advantage. Consequently. their committedness to handle client service as an investing ( non a cost to be shed ) reflects positively on member satisfaction and benefits their overall concern scheme. 3. How good is Costco executing from a fiscal position? Between the calendar old ages 2000-2006. Costco experienced one-year additions in entire gross. rank and warehouse operations. a. Identify and sum up informations. Provide drumhead overviews and elaborate judgements ( describe information fiscal information gives leaders ) . I. Entire gross: amount of entire one-year grosss. calculated by monetary value x measure. Costco’s entire gross experienced steady one-year additions ;2000- $ 32. 164. 2002- $ 38. 762. 2004- $ 48. 107. 2005- $ 52. 935. 2006- $ 60. 151. †¢ Net income: income subtraction disbursals. steadily increased over the same clip period ; 2000- $ 631. 2002- $ 700. 2004- $ 882. 2005- $ 1063. 2006- $ 1103. This figure provides leaders with insight sing concern cogency ; one-year additions are a positive mark. †¢ Net hard currency from runing activities: entire amount of dollars generated by Costco’s nucleus concern. varied yearly between 2000 and 2006 ; 2000- $ 1070. 2002- $ 1018. 2004- $ 2096. 2005- $ 1776. 2006- $ 1827. This figure includes merely the dollars achieved from nucleus concern. with no consideration of income through investing or other agencies. This figure efficaciously demonstrates the strength of the organization’s nucleus concern map to leading. †¢ Return on equity: this computation illustrates the return rate of ownership involvement. the expression for ROE=net income/equity. The largest Roe was experienced in 2000 at 15 % . yet dipped somewhat to keep a steady return through the staying old ages at 12 % . Although a good ROE is considered to be anyplace between 15-20 % . Costco has been transparent on their policy to continue their pricing committedness alternatively of concentrating their concern consideration on shareholder returns. ROE is a great manner for leading to measure the effectivity of their concern scheme in relation to their stakeholders. †¢ Days of stock list on manus: ware cost/merchandise stock list = stock list return. stock list return/365= yearss of stock list on manus. Dayss of stock list on manus in this instance remained between 31 and 34. with an norm of 32. 11 ; 2000-32. 10. 2002-33. 58. 2004-31. 60. 2005-31. 63. 2006-31. 63. To leading. this figure demonstrates the rate of stock list turnover. The computation is figured to stand for the mean sum of clip a merchandise Saturday in the warehouse before it was sold. This expression is effectual in working with a full ware stock list. but can besides be used on single points to place the points with the fastest ( or slowest ) stock list turnover rates. two. Ratios: â€Å"A method of measuring an organization’s public presentation and fiscal wellbeing through ratios of accounting values. including short term solvency. long term solvency. plus use. profitableness. and market value ratios ( CMU. 371 ) † . †¢ General A ; administrative disbursals as % of entire grosss: Costco’s merchandising. general and administrative disbursals were 9 % for the old ages 2000 amp ; 2002. increasing to 10 % for 2004-2006. These Numberss provide determination shapers with information sing the necessary organisational disbursals related to runing their concern. †¢ Operating income as % of entire grosss ( runing net income border ) : the consequence for this computation remained consistent at 3 % for each of the old ages within the instance survey. As per centum of gross. runing income provides leaders with net income information after the minus of operating disbursals ; hence showing the impact of such disbursals. B. Interpret the above ; provide specific appraisals of import to doing determinations about schemes and concern theoretical account: Based on entire gross computations. Costco is runing as a successful. spread outing organisation. Steady additions in net income support this observation and point to the strength and sustainability of Costco’s concern theoretical account. Each of the fiscal elements in this instance demonstrated a growing tendency between the old ages of 2000 and 2006. The ROE computations show that stockholders can anticipate a return of about 12 % yearly. which presents a low-end. yet predictable and safe investing chance. The yearss of stock list on manus computations support the concern scheme which utilizes deal pricing to ease rapid stock list turnover. Additionally. the low operating disbursals are consistent with their â€Å"no-frills approach† which eliminated sales representative. fancy edifices. bringing. charge. and histories receivable. Base d upon the fiscal information analyzed. Costco is runing under a successful concern theoretical account which utilizes effectual scheme to advance organisational sustainability. c. Compare with Sam’s Club and BJ’s Wholesale – provide judgement based on fiscal informations ( who is making best – defend ) : From rating of fiscal information. Costco outperforms both Sam’s Club and BJ’s Wholesale. Although all three organisations have experienced a steady addition in gross revenues yearly. Costco boasts larger Numberss and well higher assets than its rivals. Costco operates with fewer warehouses. yet it non merely outperforms Sam’s Club in gross revenues coevals. but besides increases its lead yearly. In competition with BJ’s Wholesale. a much smaller rival. Costco demonstrates a more consistent operating net income border and a continually increasing net income ( net income varies yearly for BJ’s ) . However. I believe the largest index holding Costco the clear leader in this competitory three is their mean gross revenues per location. Here’s a dislocation of the three: ( in 1000000s ) Sam’s Club: 2000- $ 3. 6. 2002- $ 60. 4. 2004- $ 67. 4. 2005- $ 66. 7. 2006- $ 71. 8 BJ’s Wholesale: 2000- $ 40. 4. 2002- $ 40. 9. 2004- $ 6. 0. 2005- $ 47. 2. 2006- $ 48. 3 Costco: 2000- $ 101. 0. 2002- $ 101. 6. 2004- $ 113. 1. 2005- $ 119. 8. 2006- $ 128. 7 Through this presentation. it is apparent that Costco is the lone retail merchant which demonstrates consistent growing ; consequently. they produce far larger Numberss than the other two rivals. Ultimately. Costco is the most successful of the three companies based on their year-end fiscal statements. 4. From a strategic point of view. depict Costco’s nucleus competences and produced competitory advantage ( if any ) over cardinal challengers ( Sam’s Club and BJ’s Wholesale ) . Pricing and service are the primary elements in Costco’s competitory advantage. From these two key factors. the ensuing competitory advantage is best-cost scheme and direct market consciousness ( lending to niche distinction scheme ) . Best-cost scheme is a agency of giving clients the most for their money ; presenting bigger values. non merely lower monetary values. Costco strives to supply trade name name and luxury goods at the best possible monetary values. This this is achieved by agencies of efficient pricing and treasure-hunt selling. Though Sam’s Club and BJ’s Wholesale both provide merchandises at deal pricing. particular bargain points at these warehouses tend to be less upscale and transport lower monetary value tickets than those at Costco. â€Å"Value-conscious purchasers are willing to pay a just monetary value for excess characteristics. but they shy off from paying top dollar for points holding all the bells and whistlings. It is the desire to pr ovide to value-conscious purchasers as opposed to budget-conscious purchasers that sets a best-cost supplier apart from a low-priced provider—the two schemes aim at distinguishably different market marks ( CMU 169-170 ) † . Direct market consciousness refers to single shops and their ability to provide to the local market. Specific market consciousness is the duty of the local directors. These persons are tasked with carrying demographic specific particular bargain which unambiguously appeal to their client base. This is Costco’s version of niche distinction scheme. Costco has successfully set themselves apart as the luxury deal shopping warehouse through their usage of hoarded wealth Hunt selling. By supplying their clients with demographic specific erstwhile particular purchases. they have created a shopping experience. This scheme has resulted in rigorous client trueness which gives Costco the ultimate competitory advantage. Beginning Material Central Michigan University. Strategic Planning for the Administrator. McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions. 6/1/10.

The Effect of Temperature and Concentration on the Rate of the Briggs-Rauscher Reaction free essay sample

Like any experiment, there were a number of potential errors during the procedure of the experiment. Errors could have arisen as a result of the uncertainties associated with the instruments I used to take measurements, and also as a result of errors associated with the actual method. Of course, due to the limitations of the procedure, they could not be eliminated completely, so I will explain what I did to reduce them to an acceptable level and how I could have improved my method to reduce them even further. Equipment justification The following table shows the reasons for my choice of equipment in carrying out my method. Equipment| Justification| 100 cm3 burette| I needed to accurately measure out large quantities of hydrogen peroxide (90 cm3 and 150 cm3). The 100 cm3 burette is a precise instrument and would allow me to measure out the hydrogen peroxide by filling it fewer times than I would need to with 50 cm3 burette. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Temperature and Concentration on the Rate of the Briggs-Rauscher Reaction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | 50 cm3 burette| I needed to repeatedly measure out small volumes of solutions A–I. The burette made the task convenient, and it is a precise instrument. 250 cm3 volumetric flask| I needed to make up a specific volume of a standard solution. The volumetric flask has a low error. | 100 cm3 volumetric flask| I needed to make up a specific volume of a standard solution. The volumetric flask has a low error. | Top pan balance| I needed to accurately weigh out small amounts of solid when making up my solutions. | 25 cm3 Mohr pipette| I used the pipette to accurately transfer sulfuric acid when making up solutions. I could not do this with a volumetric pipette, as the volume I transferred was 20 cm3. Distilled water| I used the distilled water to wash out any glassware and storage jars before using them to avoid contamination. | Crushed ice| I used the ice to cool my reactants down to 10  °C. | Water bath| I used the water bath to heat my reactants up to 30  °C, 40  °C and 5 0  °C. It kept the temperature constant—it does not cool down like hot water in a beaker. | Thermometer| I needed to measure the temperature of the reactants before pouring them into the beaker and stirring them. | Magnetic stirrer| I used the stirrer to ensure the reaction mixture was uniformly mixed. This was necessary to produce sharp colour changes. | Stopwatch| I used the stopwatch to record the times of the colour changes. These are the values I needed to investigate the effect of temperature and concentration on rate. | Measurement errors These are the errors associated with the equipment I used when weighing out solids, measuring volumes of liquid, recording the temperature of my reactants, and recording the times of the colour changes. Equipment| Error| 100 cm3 burette|  ±0. 2 cm3| 50 cm3 burette|  ±0. 1 cm3| 250 cm3 volumetric flask|  ±0. 3 cm3| 00 cm3 volumetric flask|  ±0. 2 cm3| 25 cm3 Mohr pipette|  ±0. 1 cm3| Top pan balance|  ±0. 005 g| Thermometer|  ±0. 5  °C| Stopwatch|  ±0. 005 s (for instrument),  ±0. 5 s (for measurements),  ±0. 05 s (for measurements at 50  °C)| The stopwatch could record to 2 d. p. but the times I recorded were affected by my reaction time. Recording to 2 d. p. would be pointless, as I could not record that precisely. I decided to record the times to the nearest second, except for my results at 50  °C, where I recorded them to 1 d. p. because of the short duration of time between the colour changes. Percentage uncertainties Using the measurement errors, I can work out the percentage uncertainties for my measurements. I can do this using the formula: percentage uncertainty = error / value of measurement x 100% I made multiple measurements with many of the instruments I used. For these measurements, I will find the uncertainties for three of the values (the highest, the lowest and one close to the average) to give an indication of how the uncertainty changed across the range of measurements I made. Equipment| Error| Measurement| Percentage uncertainty / %| 100 cm3 burette|  ±0. cm3| 150 cm3| (I used the burette twice, so 0. 4 / 150 =) 0. 27| | | 90 cm3| 0. 22| 50 cm3 burette|  ±0. 1 cm3| 10. 00 cm3| 1. 0| | | 5. 00 cm3| 2. 0| | | 1. 00 cm3| 10| 250 cm3 volumetric flask|  ±0. 3 cm3| 250 cm3| 0. 12| 100 cm3 volumetric flask|  ±0. 2 cm3| 100 cm3| 0. 20| 25 cm3 Mohr pipette|  ±0. 1 cm3| 20 cm3| 0. 50| Top pan balance|  ±0. 005 g| 26. 75 g| 0. 02| | | 10. 7 g| 0. 05| | | 0. 85 g| 0. 59| Thermometer|  ±0. 5  °C| 50  °C| 1. 0| | | 30  °C| 1. 7| | | 10  °C| 5. 0| Stopwatch|  ±0. 5 s| 437 s| 0. 11| | | 95 s| 0. 53| | | 1 s| 50| |  ±0. 05 s (at 50  °C)| 31. 8 s| 0. 57| | | 12. 9 s| 0. 388| | | 1. 5 s| 3. 3| The percentage uncertainties varied wildly depending on the error of the instrument and the value of the measurement. The largest uncertainty (50%) came from the stopwatch when I used it to record a time of 1 s. However, this would not have affected my calculations to a great extent, as I only used the time to calculate the blue cycle for the first oscillation. It would not have affected the value I calculated for the average oscillation period by a significant amount, and would not have noticeably affected the trends in my graphs. This applies to all uncertainties from the stopwatch. I could have recorded all my times to 1 d. p. to improve the accuracy of my calculations and draw graphs that showed a trend closer to the true one. The second most significant uncertainty (10%) was for the burette when I used it to add 1 cm3 of solution to different test tubes in order to test the effect of changing the concentration of propanedioic acid, manganese(II) sulfate(VI) and sulfuric acid. This is a very significant error that could have definitely weakened the accuracy of my results. It might explain, for instance, the wildly varying number of oscillations I observed for tests at 0. 01 M manganese(II) sulfate(VI), as well as the increased appearance of anomalous results at lower concentrations. Even the uncertainty for a measurement of 10 cm3 using the burette was 1%, which is significant. In order to reduce the instrumental error, I could have used a 1 cm3 pipette or syringe to measure very small volumes of solution. I could not have done much more to conveniently transfer larger volumes of solution (i. e. p to 10 cm3) while reducing the error, as even a 10 cm3 pipette has the same error as a 50 cm3 burette, and it would have been extremely time-consuming to transfer my solutions to test tubes using a 1 cm3 pipette. Still, a 1% uncertainty would not have dramatically affected my results. Another source of significant percentage uncertainties was the thermometer—at every temperature the uncertainty was above 1%. At 10  °C, it was 5%, which is particularl y significant. This means that I could have started stirring the reactants at a temperature between 9. 5  °C and 10. 5  °C. However, there were no thermometers more precise than  ±0. 5  °C, so there is not much I could have done to reduce this error. Anyway, looking back at my raw results, the times I recorded for tests at 10  °C were not particularly discordant in comparison with the results I obtained for the other temperatures. All other errors were below 1%, so were insignificant. I used the volumetric flasks correctly, using a Pasteur pipette to add the distilled water for the last centimetre below the graduation mark, checking the mark at eye level in order to make sure I stopped at the correct point. I took readings from the bottom of the meniscus at eye level when using the Mohr pipette and burettes to reduce parallax error. I had to round up the mass of manganese(II) sulfate(VI)-1-water I weighed on the top pan balance from 0. 845 g to 0. 85, so an 4 d. p. analytical balance would have been better for this, but I did not have access to one. Procedural errors These are the errors that could have arisen from the method and improper technique. When making up solutions, it is important to rinse out the glassware and other equipment with distilled water before use. This was particularly vital for the BR reaction, due to its high sensitivity to chloride ions. As mentioned in my method, I did wash out all equipment with some distilled water before putting them in contact with any reactants to minimise the risk of contamination. It would have been impossible to prevent a small amount of solution from being lost when transferring them. When transferring from a beaker through a funnel to volumetric flask, the small amount left would have led to a lower final concentration then planned. I minimised this error by washing out the beaker with distilled water three times. When pouring solution from the test tubes into the reaction beaker, a small amount is also lost. However, the amount left would have little effect on the results because it is a systematic error, i. e. it is repeated every time the solution is poured. I always inverted the volumetric flasks when making up solutions in order to ensure homogeneity. Before pouring them into the burettes, I gave the storage bottles a swirl in case the uniformity of the solution had been affected during storage. This would prevent the trials from being tested at different concentrations, which would have compromised the accuracy of my results. In addition, I used a magnetic stirrer to make sure the consistency of the solution remained even within the reaction beaker. This also meant that the colour changes were sharper. It was especially important that the blue colour change was sharp, as this is the value I used to calculate the oscillation period, and therefore, rate of reaction. However, because human reaction time is not perfect, there was always some delay between the colour change and the pressing of the stopwatch. This is why I could not record times accurate to 2 d. p. At higher temperatures, i. e. 40  °C and 50  °C, the water from the solutions in the test tubes evaporated a lot faster than at room temperature while being heated in water bath, which would have increased the concentrations of the reactants and overstated the effect of the temperature increase. I minimised this error by removing the test tubes from the water bath as soon as possible after the temperature of the reactants reached the appropriate level. Next time, I would seal the test tubes using stoppers to prevent any water vapour from escaping. Unfortunately, the reactants could not remain at their starting temperature while being stirred, as they had to be poured into a beaker and set on a magnetic stirrer. This means that during tests at 30  °C, 40  °C and 50  °C, the reactants cooled down; at 10  °C, the reactants warmed up. This would have understated the effect of temperature on rate. There was a problem with the hydrogen peroxide in the burette. Because it was stored in the fridge, it was cold when I took it out. As it warmed up, there were noticeable increases in the level of solution in the burette. Trials that were run near the start of the session may have used colder, more concentrated hydrogen peroxide, which would have affected the rate of reaction. I only took the temperature of reactants when I tested the effect of temperature. In order to resolve this problem next time, I would take out the hydrogen peroxide at the very start of the lesson and wait for it to warm up while setting up the other burettes, magnetic stirrer etc. and also take the temperature of the reactants when testing concentration to see if it might have had a secondary effect on the rate. The potassium iodate(V) was not soluble enough to make Solution F (potassium iodate(V), 0. 5 M). Although I did manage to fully dissolve it with the aid of heat, a small amount crystallised out of solution after it cooled down, which would have decreased the solution’s concentration and affected the results I obtained for the tests where I changed the concentration of potassium iodate(V) and sulfuric acid. Next time, I would change the experiment and run the tests at lower concentrations. Reliability My results were quite reliable, as I ran the reaction three times at each temperature and concentration. The number of oscillations was usually the same at each temperature/concentration and the times were concordant to an acceptable degree. There were a few anomalous runs, which I mentioned in my analysis section, and gave a possible explanation for above. I could have repeated the experiment a further time when I got inconsistent results, e. g. 0. 01 M manganese(II) sulfate(VI), to increase reliability. Extending the investigation The observations I made about the colours during particular runs were solely qualitative. I could broaden the scope of my investigation by using colourimetry to obtain a quantitative measurement of the colour intensity when the reaction was especially faint or dark. I could then compare it to values from the standard reaction to reinforce my observations. I could also use the data logger to measure the times of the colour changes. I could then compare the results from this technique to those from the stopwatch and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages to both methods, and decide which one would be better at producing accurate results. Conclusion Overall, I am satisfied that I have made valid conclusions about the effect of temperature and concentration on the rate of the Briggs–Rauscher reaction. Although I did not fully meet my aim of finding the order of reaction for every reactant, I did discover that the reaction was not typical in this sense, and that the orders of reaction could not easily be found. I did manage to justify parts of the mechanism through the qualitative observations I made.